The 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, witnessed an attempt by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) to seat an alternate slate of delegates in opposition to the all-white regular Democratic Party delegates from that state. The MFDP, co-founded by Bob Moses, served as an alternate political party which claimed greater legitimacy because they allowed Black Mississippians to participate free of intimidation, literacy tests and other obstacles to voting. The convention’s credentials committee considered the challenge. Fannie Lou Hamer, the MFDP’s vice-chair, testified that “…we want to register, to become first-class citizens. And if the Freedom Democratic Party is not seated now, I question America. Is this America, the land of the free and the home of the brave, where we have to sleep with our telephones off of the hooks because our lives be threatened daily, because we want to live as decent human beings, in America?” In the end, the MFDP’s delegates were not seated at the 1964 Democratic National Convention.